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CIPS L6M2 Exam Syllabus Topics:

Topic
Details

Topic 1

Understand financial aspects that affect procurement and supply: This section measures the skills of Financial Analysts in assessing how costs, funding, and economic objectives impact supply chains. It includes managing currency volatility through exchange rate instruments like forwards or derivatives and addressing commodity price fluctuations using futures or hedging. A critical skill assessed is managing financial risks in global supply chains effectively.

Topic 2

Understand and apply tools and techniques to address the challenges of global supply chains: This section targets Supply Chain Analysts and covers methods for analyzing global supply chains, such as STEEPLED analysis, benchmarking, and performance metrics. It also evaluates regulatory influences, including import
export controls, tariffs, and employment regulations like equality, health, and safety. A critical skill assessed is applying STEEPLED analysis to supply chain challenges.

Topic 3

Understand and apply the concept of commercial global strategy in organizations: This section measures the skills of Global Strategy Analysts and focuses on evaluating the characteristics of strategic decisions in organizations. It includes understanding strategic versus operational management, strategic choices, and the vocabulary of strategy. A key skill measured is effectively differentiating between strategic and operational management.

Topic 4

Understand strategy formulation and implementation: This section evaluates the skills of Strategic Planners in understanding how corporate and business strategies impact supply chains. It covers strategic directions, diversification, portfolio matrices, and methods for pursuing strategies like mergers or alliances. It also examines aligning supply chains with organizational structures and managing resources like people, technology, and finance. A key skill measured is implementing strategies under uncertain conditions.

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CIPS Global Commercial Strategy Sample Questions (Q11-Q16):

NEW QUESTION # 11
SIMULATION
How can Minzburg's 5Ps assist an organisation to develop its global strategy?

Answer:

Explanation:
Mintzberg's 5Ps and Global Strategy Development
Introduction
Henry Mintzberg's 5Ps of Strategy is a framework that helps organizations understand the multiple perspectives of strategy. It recognizes that strategy is not just a planned activity but evolves through deliberate and emergent actions. The 5Ps-Plan, Ploy, Pattern, Position, and Perspective-help organizations develop an effective global strategy by providing a structured approach to decision-making and competitive positioning.
1. Explanation of Mintzberg's 5Ps
Mintzberg's 5Ps define strategy in five different ways, which help in shaping an organization's global expansion and competitive positioning.

2. How Mintzberg's 5Ps Assist in Developing Global Strategy
1. Strategy as a Plan - Setting a Clear Direction for Global Expansion
Organizations develop structured strategic plans for international growth, including market research, investment strategies, and risk assessments.
Example: Tesla planned its global expansion into China by building a Gigafactory, ensuring supply chain efficiency and market entry success.
✅ Benefit: Ensures a structured, well-researched approach to global expansion.
2. Strategy as a Ploy - Gaining Competitive Advantage
Companies use strategic moves to block competitors or gain an early advantage in global markets.
Example: Amazon strategically enters new markets by offering discounts and acquiring local businesses to weaken competitors.
✅ Benefit: Helps organizations counter competition and establish dominance in new markets.
3. Strategy as a Pattern - Replicating Successful Models
If a company has a proven business model, it can apply the same strategy across different regions.
Example: McDonald's follows a pattern-based global expansion model, using standardized menus but adapting products to local tastes (e.g., McAloo Tikki in India).
✅ Benefit: Allows organizations to scale efficiently while maintaining consistency.
4. Strategy as a Position - Establishing a Competitive Market Position
Organizations must decide how they will compete globally-whether through cost leadership, differentiation, or niche markets.
Example: Apple positions itself as a premium brand worldwide, maintaining exclusivity through high pricing and innovation.
✅ Benefit: Helps organizations create a distinctive identity in international markets.
5. Strategy as a Perspective - Aligning Culture and Global Vision
A company's culture and values influence its global strategy.
Example: Patagonia's sustainability-first approach shapes its expansion into environmentally conscious markets, aligning with global CSR expectations.
✅ Benefit: Ensures global expansion aligns with the company's long-term values and mission.
3. Advantages of Using Mintzberg's 5Ps in Global Strategy Development
✅ Holistic Approach - Ensures strategy is not just a rigid plan but adapts to competition and market trends.
✅ Enhances Competitive Agility - Organizations can pivot between strategies (e.g., using a Ploy to disrupt competitors).
✅ Supports Market Adaptation - Helps companies apply Pattern-based expansion while considering local market needs.
✅ Aligns Corporate Vision with Market Positioning - The Perspective approach ensures expansion aligns with organizational values.
4. Limitations of Mintzberg's 5Ps in Global Strategy
❌ Lack of Emphasis on External Factors - Unlike PESTLE or Porter's Five Forces, the 5Ps focus mainly on internal strategy.
❌ Can Be Overly Conceptual - May lack specific actionable steps for implementing global expansion.
❌ Does Not Account for Rapid Market Changes - In fast-changing industries (e.g., tech), rigid strategic planning may become outdated quickly.
Solution: Combine 5Ps with external analysis tools (e.g., PESTLE for macro-environmental risks, BCG for product portfolio management).
Conclusion
Mintzberg's 5Ps of Strategy provide a comprehensive framework for developing global strategies, ensuring that businesses consider planning, competitive moves, consistency, positioning, and cultural alignment. However, it should be used in combination with other strategic models for a well-rounded approach to global expansion and decision-making.

NEW QUESTION # 12
SIMULATION
XYX is an airline whose profits have been severely affected due to not being able to operate during a two-year pandemic. Cash reserves at the organisation are at an all time low and XYZ are looking into sources of short-term funding for working capital. Discuss four sources and suggest which one XYZ should use.

Answer:

Explanation:
Sources of Short-Term Funding for XYZ Airline
Introduction
XYZ, an airline with severe financial losses due to a two-year pandemic, requires short-term funding to maintain operations. With cash reserves at an all-time low, the airline needs immediate working capital to cover employee salaries, aircraft maintenance, airport fees, and fuel costs.
Short-term funding options provide temporary liquidity but come with different risks and costs. This answer evaluates four sources of short-term funding and recommends the best option for XYZ.
1. Bank Overdraft (Flexible Borrowing Facility)
Explanation:
A bank overdraft allows XYZ to withdraw funds beyond its available balance, up to a set limit.
✅ Advantages
✔ Flexible borrowing - Funds can be accessed as needed.
✔ Quick to arrange - Available through existing bank relationships.
✔ Interest only on borrowed amount - No need to take a large loan upfront.
❌ Disadvantages
✖ High-interest rates - Overdrafts often have higher interest than standard loans.
✖ Limited borrowing capacity - May not be enough to cover all costs.
✖ Bank may demand repayment at short notice.
Best for: Covering minor cash flow shortages but not large-scale operational funding.
2. Short-Term Business Loan (Fixed-Term Borrowing from a Bank or Lender) Explanation:
A short-term loan provides a lump sum of cash that XYZ must repay over a set period (typically 3-12 months).
✅ Advantages
✔ Larger funding amounts available - More substantial than overdrafts.
✔ Predictable repayment terms - Fixed monthly payments help with planning.
✔ Can be secured or unsecured - Secured loans offer lower interest rates.
❌ Disadvantages
✖ Requires repayment even if revenue is still low.
✖ Potentially high interest rates, especially for unsecured loans.
✖ Approval process may take time.
Best for: Covering larger operational costs like aircraft maintenance and staff salaries.
3. Sale and Leaseback of Assets (Liquidity from Selling Existing Assets) Explanation:
XYZ can sell its aircraft or other assets to an investor or leasing company and then lease them back for continued use.
✅ Advantages
✔ Immediate cash injection without losing operational assets.
✔ No repayment burden - Unlike loans, it does not increase debt levels.
✔ Improves cash flow for essential expenses.
❌ Disadvantages
✖ Long-term cost increase - Leasing is more expensive than owning in the long run.
✖ Loss of asset ownership - Limits financial flexibility in the future.
✖ Dependent on market conditions - Aircraft resale values fluctuate.
Best for: Raising large capital quickly while continuing operations.
4. Government Grants or Emergency Aid (Public Sector Financial Assistance) Explanation:
Governments often provide financial aid or grants to struggling industries, especially airlines affected by global crises.
✅ Advantages
✔ No repayment required - Unlike loans, grants do not need to be repaid.
✔ Low risk - Does not increase financial liabilities.
✔ Supports industry stability - Governments want airlines to survive for economic reasons.
❌ Disadvantages
✖ Lengthy approval process - Bureaucratic delays may not provide immediate relief.
✖ Strict eligibility requirements - XYZ must meet conditions set by the government.
✖ Potential public criticism - Bailouts may attract negative media attention.
Best for: Long-term financial recovery rather than immediate short-term cash flow issues.
5. Recommendation: Best Source for XYZ
Recommended Option:Sale and Leaseback of Assets
Why?
✅ Provides immediate liquidity - Essential for covering urgent operational costs.
✅ No additional debt burden - Unlike loans, it does not create financial liabilities.
✅ Ensures business continuity - XYZ can still operate leased aircraft.
Secondary Option: Short-Term Loan
If sale and leaseback is not viable, a short-term business loan can be used for emergency liquidity, but it increases financial risk.
Final Takeaway:
Sale and Leaseback → Best for quick large-scale funding without debt.
Short-Term Loan → A backup option if leasing is unavailable.

NEW QUESTION # 13
SIMULATION
Explain, with examples, why supply and demand fluctuate in the commodities market

Answer:

Explanation:
Why Supply and Demand Fluctuate in the Commodities Market
Introduction
The commodities market is highly volatile, with prices and availability constantly influenced by fluctuations in supply and demand. These fluctuations arise due to factors such as climate conditions, geopolitical events, economic cycles, and technological advancements.
Understanding why supply and demand shift helps businesses, investors, and policymakers anticipate market trends and mitigate risks.
1. Factors Affecting Supply in the Commodities Market
1.1 Weather and Climate Conditions (Impact on Agricultural Commodities)
✅ Why It Affects Supply?
Droughts, floods, hurricanes, or frosts can damage crops, reducing supply.
Favorable weather leads to higher yields and increased supply.
Example:
In 2019, severe droughts in Australia reduced wheat production, increasing global wheat prices.
A strong coffee harvest in Brazil led to higher supply and lower coffee prices.
Key Takeaway: Agricultural commodity supply is highly dependent on weather variability.
1.2 Geopolitical Events and Trade Restrictions Impact on Energy & Metals)
✅ Why It Affects Supply?
Political instability, sanctions, and wars disrupt supply chains.
Trade policies, tariffs, and embargoes restrict exports/imports.
Example:
Russia-Ukraine war (2022) led to a major disruption in wheat and oil exports, causing global shortages.
US-China trade tensions affected the availability of rare earth metals used in electronics.
Key Takeaway: Supply chains in energy, metals, and food commodities are vulnerable to geopolitical risks.
1.3 Production Costs & Technological Advancements (Impact on Oil, Metals, and Agricultural Goods)
✅ Why It Affects Supply?
Higher production costs (e.g., fuel, labor, mining operations) reduce supply.
New technologies improve extraction and farming efficiency, increasing supply.
Example:
Shale oil extraction technology in the US increased crude oil supply, leading to lower global oil prices.
Higher fertilizer costs in 2023 led to reduced crop production in some countries.
Key Takeaway: Technological advancements increase supply, while rising production costs limit it.
2. Factors Affecting Demand in the Commodities Market
2.1 Economic Growth & Industrial Demand (Impact on Oil, Metals, and Construction Materials)
✅ Why It Affects Demand?
Economic booms drive higher demand for oil, metals, and raw materials.
During recessions, demand for industrial commodities falls.
Example:
China's rapid industrialization (2000s) increased demand for iron ore, copper, and coal, pushing prices up.
COVID-19 lockdowns (2020) caused a sharp drop in oil demand, leading to negative oil prices in April 2020.
Key Takeaway: Commodity demand rises during economic expansion and falls during downturns.
2.2 Changing Consumer Preferences & Market Trends (Impact on Food & Energy Commodities)
✅ Why It Affects Demand?
Shifts in diet, lifestyle, and energy use affect commodity demand.
Green energy transitions reduce fossil fuel demand but increase demand for alternative materials.
Example:
Increased veganism in Western markets boosted demand for soybeans, almonds, and plant-based protein.
Electric vehicle (EV) adoption increased demand for lithium, cobalt, and nickel used in EV batteries.
Key Takeaway: Demand changes due to consumer preferences, technological advancements, and sustainability trends.
2.3 Speculation & Investment Activity (Impact on Gold, Oil, and Agricultural Commodities)
✅ Why It Affects Demand?
Investors and hedge funds buy commodities as a hedge against inflation or currency fluctuations.
Speculative trading increases volatility, driving short-term price spikes.
Example:
Gold prices surge during economic crises as investors seek a safe-haven asset.
Oil price spikes in 2008 and 2022 were partly due to speculative trading.
Key Takeaway: Commodity demand is influenced by financial markets and speculation.
3. How Supply & Demand Interact to Affect Prices

Key Takeaway: Prices are determined by the balance between supply availability and consumer demand.
4. Conclusion
The commodities market experiences constant fluctuations in supply and demand, driven by:
✅ Weather & Climate - Affects agricultural output.
✅ Geopolitical & Trade Issues - Disrupts supply chains.
✅ Economic Cycles & Industrial Growth - Determines demand levels.
✅ Consumer Preferences & Technological Trends - Changes demand patterns.
✅ Speculation & Investor Activity - Influences short-term price volatility.
Understanding these factors allows businesses to forecast commodity price movements, manage procurement risks, and optimize supply chain strategies.

NEW QUESTION # 14
SIMULATION
Analyse the GE McKinsey Matrix as a tool to influence directional policy

Answer:

Explanation:
Analysis of the GE McKinsey Matrix as a Tool to Influence Directional Policy Introduction The GE McKinsey Matrix is a strategic tool used by businesses to prioritize investments, allocate resources, and influence directional policy. It expands on the BCG Matrix by evaluating business units or product portfolios based on two dimensions:
Industry Attractiveness (external factors such as market growth, competition, and profitability).
Business Unit Strength (internal factors such as brand strength, financial performance, and operational efficiency).
The matrix helps organizations decide where to invest, grow, or divest, making it a valuable tool for influencing long-term strategic direction.
1. Explanation of the GE McKinsey Matrix
The GE McKinsey Matrix categorizes business units into nine strategic zones, guiding investment decisions:
| Industry Attractiveness →

Example:
Apple's iPhone (High Industry, Strong Business Unit) → Invest & Grow
Microsoft's Bing Search Engine (Low Industry, Weak Business Unit) → Divest or Harvest ❌
2. How the GE McKinsey Matrix Influences Directional Policy
1. Investment Prioritization
✅ Identifies which business units deserve more investment.
✅ Helps companies allocate resources to high-potential markets.
Example: Amazon invests heavily in AWS (Cloud Computing) due to high industry growth and strong business positioning.
2. Market Entry and Expansion Decisions
✅ Assists in geographical and market expansion decisions.
✅ Helps assess whether to enter emerging industries.
Example: Tesla entered renewable energy (solar panels, batteries) due to high industry potential.
3. Strategic Exit or Divestment Decisions
✅ Identifies low-performing divisions that should be divested.
✅ Prevents financial losses by exiting declining markets.
Example: GE sold its financial services division (GE Capital) to refocus on industrial manufacturing.
4. Balancing Risk and Portfolio Diversification
✅ Encourages a balanced portfolio of high-growth and stable businesses.
✅ Ensures companies avoid over-reliance on a single product or market.
Example: Google (Alphabet) maintains a diverse portfolio of AI, search, and cloud businesses to balance risk.
3. Advantages and Limitations of the GE McKinsey Matrix
✅ Advantages
✔ More detailed than the BCG Matrix - Considers multiple industry and business factors.
✔ Helps with long-term strategic planning - Guides investment, expansion, and divestment.
✔ Balances risk and growth - Prevents over-reliance on a single revenue source.
❌ Limitations
✖ Subjective analysis - Industry attractiveness and business strength are difficult to quantify.
✖ Complex implementation - Requires detailed data collection and industry research.
✖ No direct action plan - Only provides guidance on resource allocation, not execution strategies.
4. Conclusion
The GE McKinsey Matrix is a powerful tool for influencing directional policy by helping companies prioritize investments, expand into attractive markets, and exit underperforming businesses. However, it should be used alongside financial analysis and market research to ensure strategic success.

NEW QUESTION # 15
SIMULATION
XYZ is a successful cake manufacturer and wishes to expand the business to create additional confectionary items. The expansion will require the purchase of a further manufacturing facility, investment in machinery and the hiring of more staff. The CEO and CFO are confident that the diversification will be a success and are discussing ways to raise funding for the expansion and are debating between dept funding and funding. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each approach?

Answer:

Explanation:
Evaluation of Debt Funding vs. Equity Funding for XYZ's Expansion
Introduction
As XYZ, a successful cake manufacturer, plans to expand into additional confectionery items, it requires significant investment in a new manufacturing facility, machinery, and staff. To finance this expansion, the company must choose between:
Debt Funding - Borrowing from banks or financial institutions.
Equity Funding - Raising capital by selling shares to investors.
Each funding option has advantages and disadvantages that impact financial stability, ownership control, and long-term business strategy.
1. Debt Funding(Loans, Bonds, or Credit Facilities)
Definition
Debt funding involves borrowing money from banks, lenders, or issuing corporate bonds, which must be repaid with interest.
✅ Key Characteristics:
The company retains full ownership and decision-making control.
Loan repayments are fixed and predictable.
Interest payments are tax-deductible.
Example: XYZ takes a bank loan of £2 million to purchase new machinery and repay it over five years with interest.
Advantages of Debt Funding
✔ Ownership Retention - XYZ keeps full control over business decisions.
✔ Predictable Repayment Plan - Fixed monthly payments make financial planning easier.
✔ Tax Benefits - Interest payments reduce taxable income.
✔ Shorter-Term Obligation - Once the loan is repaid, there are no further obligations.
Disadvantages of Debt Funding
❌ Repayment Pressure - Regular repayments increase financial risk during slow sales periods.
❌ Interest Costs - High-interest rates can reduce profitability.
❌ Collateral Requirement - Lenders may require company assets as security.
❌ Credit Risk - If XYZ fails to repay, it risks losing assets or damaging credit ratings.
Best for: Companies that want to maintain ownership and have stable revenue streams to cover repayments.
2. Equity Funding(Selling Shares to Investors or Venture Capitalists)
Definition
Equity funding involves raising capital by selling shares in the company to investors, such as private investors, venture capitalists, or the stock market.
✅ Key Characteristics:
No repayment obligations, but shareholders expect a return on investment (ROI).
Investors gain partial ownership and may influence business decisions.
Funding amount depends on the company's valuation and investor interest.
Example: XYZ sells 20% of its shares to a private investor for £3 million, which funds new production lines.
Advantages of Equity Funding
✔ No Repayment Obligation - Reduces financial burden on cash flow.
✔ Access to Large Capital - Easier to raise significant funds for expansion.
✔ Attracts Strategic Investors - Investors may provide expertise and industry connections.
✔ Spreads Business Risk - Losses are shared with investors, reducing pressure on XYZ.
Disadvantages of Equity Funding
❌ Loss of Ownership & Control - Investors gain a say in company decisions.
❌ Profit Sharing - Dividends or profit-sharing reduce earnings for existing owners.
❌ Longer Decision-Making Process - Raising equity capital takes time due to negotiations and regulatory compliance.
❌ Dilution of Shares - Selling shares reduces the founder's ownership percentage.
Best for: Companies needing large funding amounts with less repayment pressure, but willing to share ownership and decision-making.
3. Comparison: Debt vs. Equity Funding

Key Takeaway: The choice between debt and equity funding depends on XYZ's risk tolerance, cash flow stability, and long-term growth strategy.
4. Conclusion & Recommendation
Both debt funding and equity funding offer advantages and risks for XYZ's expansion.
✅ Debt funding is ideal if XYZ wants to retain ownership and has stable revenue to cover loan repayments.
✅ Equity funding is better if XYZ seeks larger investments, strategic expertise, and reduced financial risk.
Recommended Approach: A hybrid strategy, combining debt for short-term capital needs and equity for long-term growth, can provide financial flexibility while minimizing risks.

NEW QUESTION # 16
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